The Use of Virtual Reality in Education Abstract Background: Virtual reality (VR) training has been shown previously to improve intraoperative performance during part of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of proficiency-based VR training on the outcome of the first 10 entire cholecystectomies performed by novices. Methods: Thirteen laparoscopically inexperienced residents were randomized to either (1) VR training until a predefined expert level of per ...